"Protection in respect of conviction for offenses:

(1) No person shall be convicted of any offense except for violation of a law in force at the time of the commission of the act charged as an offense, nor be subjected to a penalty greater than that which might have been inflicted under the law in force at the time of the commission of the offense.

(2) No person shall be prosecuted and punished for the same offense more than once.

(3) No person accused of any offense shall be compelled to be a witness against himself."

Article 20 contains three distinct protections for individuals accused of crimes:

Protection against retroactive punishment: This clause ensures that a person cannot be convicted for an act that was not considered an offense when it was committed. It prohibits ex post facto laws that retroactively criminalize an act.
Protection against double jeopardy: This clause safeguards individuals from being prosecuted or punished more than once for the same offense. Once a person has been acquitted or convicted of an offense, they cannot be tried or punished again for the same offense.
Protection against self-incrimination: This clause grants individuals the right to remain silent and not be compelled to be a witness against themselves. It prevents the accused from being forced to provide self-incriminating evidence during the trial.
These provisions in Article 20 aim to protect the rights of individuals and ensure a fair and just legal process in criminal proceedings.

Source: ChatGPT