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Violence caused by fascism echoes in the word’s origins: in Ancient Rome, fasces (a bundle of rods containing an axe with its blade projecting out), were carried to assert dominance and power. The sticks symbolized punishment by whipping and the axe portrayed execution by beheading.
Italy’s former Prime Minister and dictator, Benito Mussolini, coined the term “Fascism” in 1919, to describe his political movement, and used the Ancient Roman fasces as his symbol. His one-party fascist state set the playbook and template for fascist movements like Nazism, that followed.
“The main way the fascists got to power was by killing off and intimidating what was the largest and most popular party, the Socialist Party,” Ruth Ben-Ghiat, a professor of History and Italian Studies, told TIME.
The movement, which promotes a forcibly monolithic, regimented nation under the control and suppression by an authoritarian ruler, continues to live across the world from military dictatorships to democracies, with groups inciting racism and hate against marginalized communities.
The fasces also seems to appear as a symbol or insignia in various countries, including the United States’ National Guard Bureau (though the meaning across countries may possibly differ).