White sugar, also known as refined sugar or table sugar, is a common sweetener derived from sugarcane or sugar beet. It undergoes a refining process that removes impurities and molasses, resulting in the crystalline white granules commonly used in baking, beverages, and various processed foods. This refining process strips away beneficial nutrients and minerals, leaving behind pure sucrose. While it provides quick energy, white sugar is considered "empty calories" because it lacks essential nutrients.

Consuming excessive amounts of white sugar can have several harmful effects on health. It can contribute to weight gain and obesity by providing a high-calorie content without promoting satiety. It also increases the risk of developing type 2 diabetes by causing spikes in blood glucose levels and potentially leading to insulin resistance. Additionally, high sugar intake is linked to heart disease, liver disease, and dental problems such as cavities and gum disease. Alternatives to white sugar include natural sweeteners like honey, maple syrup, and agave nectar, as well as artificial sweeteners like stevia and erythritol, which provide sweetness with fewer calories and lower glycemic impact.