Dark circles are areas of hyperpigmentation or discoloration that appear under the eyes, often forming a shadowy or darker tone than the surrounding skin. They can result from a variety of factors, including genetics, aging, lack of sleep, dehydration, and thinning skin.

Genetics play a significant role in the development of dark circles, as some individuals may inherit a predisposition to pigmentation changes under the eyes. Aging also contributes, as the skin becomes thinner and collagen production decreases, making blood vessels more visible. Lack of sleep and fatigue can lead to dilated blood vessels, causing a pooling of blood beneath the eyes and contributing to the appearance of dark circles.

To treat dark circles, it's essential to address the underlying causes. Getting an adequate amount of quality sleep, maintaining hydration, and adopting a healthy lifestyle can help. Applying cold compresses or chilled cucumber slices can temporarily reduce puffiness and constrict blood vessels. Using specially formulated eye creams with ingredients like retinol, vitamin C, and hyaluronic acid may help improve skin texture and reduce pigmentation over time. In severe cases, cosmetic procedures such as laser therapy or dermal fillers may be considered, but consulting a dermatologist is recommended for personalized advice.